Communities as Victims of Inter-Cattle Rustling Gangs in the Northern Regions of Kenya and Uganda

Abstract

Cattle rustling remains a deeply rooted issue in the Northern regions of Kenya and Uganda and encompasses a complex and multi-faceted problem with far-reaching implications for victimized communities. This issue, originating from tribal tensions, territorial disputes, economic incentives, marginalization, and climate change, demands a comprehensive investigation. This study aims to shed light on the intricate dynamics of inter-cattle rustling attacks, delving into the temporal patterns, distinct attack characteristics, and their societal impact. In this context, the research objectives include determining patterns and trends of these attacks, assessing their impacts on affected communities, and proposing measures to enhance the protection and empowerment of these communities. The study employed a mixed methods research approach, which involved a target population of approximately 400,000 individuals from the Pokot and Sebei communities living along the Kenya-Uganda border. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews with key informants, focus group discussions, and a review of existing reports and records. The study identified distinct temporal patterns of inter-cattle rustling attacks, with attacks occurring most frequently during specific timeframes, such as early morning, late morning, afternoon, and late evening. This temporal pattern offers insights into the strategic considerations of the attackers. In addition, the study revealed that attacks exhibit distinct characteristics depending on the time of day. In the morning, attacks are marked by swiftness, a "grab and run" mentality, and a readiness to eliminate opposition. Afternoons see a shift in focus, with caretakers becoming the primary targets. Evening raids are conducted with stealth and aim to drive stolen animals across the border. Further, the attackers, known as "Morans," were found to be well-prepared and armed, with a high level of coordination, particularly in morning and evening attacks. Their identity adds to the complexity of the confrontations. The impact of inter-cattle rustling attacks goes beyond economic losses, resulting in the loss of life, displacement of communities, closed schools, and the disruption of community centers. Entire sections of communities are forced to relocate, upending livelihoods and contributing to a sense of desolation. The attacks traumatize victim communities, with children, in particular, bearing a heavy psychological burden, especially in the brutal morning confrontations. This psychological impact further erodes the social fabric. Based on these findings, the study recommends implementing community-based resilience programs, establishing psychosocial support services, engaging in conflict resolution and mediation efforts, strengthening security measures, promoting sustainable resource management, providing economic opportunities, and facilitating cross-cultural dialogues. These recommendations are expected to contribute to the development of more effective policies and interventions. In summary, this study contributes valuable insights that can inform evidence-based policy development to address the multi-faceted challenge of cattle rustling and its diverse implications for the affected communities in the Northern regions of Kenya and Uganda.