Climate Subtleties and Urban Heat Island Effects and Their Adaptability: A Case Study of Lokoja, Nigeria

Abstract

This study examines weather patterns and thermal characteristics over a 20-year period. Key findings include changes in land use and cover, with a notable increase in impervious surfaces and a reduction in vegetal cover. Urbanisation plays a role in this transformation. In recent years, the impact of weather on human health, particularly in urban centers, has gained significant attention. The study investigates the degree and coverage of thermal discomfort among residents of Lokoja, Nigeria, focusing on the impact of decreased vegetation cover. Climatic data, including temperature and relative humidity, were sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet) archive. Rainfall patterns reveal Lokoja’s highest rainfall occurring in September, while the lowest is in October during the dry season. The average monthly temperature shows a peak in April, and the annual temperature reached its highest in 2010. Statistical tools, such as Thom’s Discomfort Index and the Humidex Calculator, were employed. Results revealed that thermal discomfort in Lokoja ranged from "noticeable discomfort" to "evident discomfort." Less than 50% of residents experienced thermal discomfort, while other extreme forms (such as "intense" or "dangerous") were not prevalent. The study recommends measures to mitigate thermal discomfort in Lokoja, emphasising the importance of addressing urban heat island effects and promoting green spaces.